核心代码

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function drag_line(app, fig, sel_line)
    sel_line.ButtonDownFcn = @bdfcn;
    opx = 0;
    function bdfcn(~, edata)
        opx = edata.IntersectionPoint(1); % 鼠标点击位置在坐标轴中的x坐标
        sel_line.Selected = 'on'; % 将拖动的线条设置为选中状态
        app.UIFigure.WindowButtonMotionFcn = @wbmfcn; % 鼠标在窗口内移动时
        app.UIFigure.WindowButtonUpFcn = @wbufcn; % 鼠标在窗口内弹起时
    end
    function wbmfcn(~,~)
        cp = fig.CurrentPoint; % 当下鼠标所在的位置
        dx = cp(1,1) - opx; % 鼠标移动的差值
        newXData = sel_line.XData + dx;
        xLimits = fig.XLim;
        % 检查新的 XData 是否在范围内
        if all(newXData >= xLimits(1)) && all(newXData <= xLimits(2))
            sel_line.XData = newXData;
            opx = cp(1,1); % 更新 opx
        end
        app.LocationEditField.Value = sel_line.XData(1);
    end
    function wbufcn(~,~)
        app.UIFigure.WindowButtonMotionFcn = ''; % 窗口内按键移动回调
        app.UIFigure.WindowButtonUpFcn = ''; % 窗口内按键弹起回调
        sel_line.Selected = 'off';
    end
end
% startupFcn
arrayfun(@(ax) disableDefaultInteractivity(ax),[app.UIAxes]);
xlim(app.UIAxes, [-10 10]);
drag_line(app, app.UIAxes, plot(app.UIAxes, [0 0], [0 1], 'LineWidth', 2));

运行效果

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